Fluoride
Ann Arbor
Fluoride occurs naturally in surface and groundwater and is also added to drinking water by many water systems. Read More.
Fluoride has been promoted as a chemical that reduces dental cavities. Yet it is now well-established that fluoride primarily exerts its protective effects through topical mechanisms, such as sodium fluoride in toothpaste and mouthwash. In contrast, long-term ingestion of fluoride in water increases dental fluorosis, which includes mottling, pitting and weakening of the teeth. EPA's maximum legal limit is set at 4 parts per million (ppm) to prevent skeletal fluorosis, a condition where bones become brittle and more susceptible to fractures, although these effects may occur at lower doses.
Even fluoride levels of 0.7 ppm, the amount of fluoride in drinking water recommended by the U.S. Public Health Service, can result in too much fluoride for bottle-fed babies. EWG recommends that caregivers mix baby formula with fluoride-free water. The National Toxicology Program is investigating the potential for low doses of fluoride to alter thyroid function and childhood brain development.
Samples
Samples exceeding legal limit (MCL)
Samples exceeding
health guidelines
Testing results - average by year
| Year | Average result | Samples taken | Detections | Range of results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2013 | N/A | 0 | 0 | N/A |
| 2014 | 0.485 ppm | 77 | 77 | 0.130 ppm - 0.700 ppm |
| 2015 | 0.700 ppm | 1 | 1 | 0.580 ppm - 0.850 ppm |
| 2016 | 0.700 ppm | 1 | 1 | 0.130 ppm - 0.860 ppm |
| 2017 | 0.850 ppm | 1 | 1 | 0.520 ppm - 0.850 ppm |
| 2018 | 0.780 ppm | 1 | 1 | 0.510 ppm - 0.780 ppm |
| 2019 | 0.610 ppm | 1 | 1 | 0.540 ppm - 0.670 ppm |
ppm = parts per million
State and national drinking water standards and health guidelines
EPA Maximum Contaminant
Level (MCL) 4 ppm
ppm = parts per million
All test results
| Date | Lab ID | Result |
|---|---|---|
| 2014-03-04 | LLF10951 | 0.330 ppm |
| 2014-04-23 | LLF15589 | 0.160 ppm |
| 2014-04-23 | LLF15599 | 0.160 ppm |
| 2014-04-23 | LLF15598 | 0.160 ppm |
| 2014-04-23 | LLF15596 | 0.140 ppm |
| 2014-04-23 | LLF15593 | 0.150 ppm |
| 2014-04-23 | LLF15592 | 0.160 ppm |
| 2014-04-23 | LLF15588 | 0.140 ppm |
| 2014-04-23 | LLF15597 | 0.150 ppm |
| 2014-04-23 | LLF15595 | 0.150 ppm |
| 2014-04-23 | LLF15594 | 0.160 ppm |
| 2014-04-23 | LLF15590 | 0.160 ppm |
| 2014-04-23 | LLF15591 | 0.150 ppm |
| 2014-06-03 | LLF20896 | 0.530 ppm |
| 2014-06-17 | LLF23217 | 0.550 ppm |
| 2014-06-17 | LLF23220 | 0.320 ppm |
| 2014-06-17 | LLF23218 | 0.430 ppm |
| 2014-06-17 | LLF23222 | 0.450 ppm |
| 2014-06-17 | LLF23221 | 0.420 ppm |
| 2014-06-17 | LLF23216 | 0.460 ppm |
| 2014-06-17 | LLF23219 | 0.410 ppm |
| 2014-06-18 | LLF23467 | 0.140 ppm |
| 2014-06-18 | LLF23466 | 0.230 ppm |
| 2014-06-18 | LLF23461 | 0.540 ppm |
| 2014-06-18 | LLF23460 | 0.630 ppm |
| 2014-06-18 | LLF23459 | 0.650 ppm |
| 2014-06-18 | LLF23464 | 0.640 ppm |
| 2014-06-18 | LLF23465 | 0.640 ppm |
| 2014-06-18 | LLF23462 | 0.640 ppm |
| 2014-06-18 | LLF23463 | 0.690 ppm |
| 2014-07-21 | LLF28469 | 0.560 ppm |
| 2014-07-21 | LLF28470 | 0.600 ppm |
| 2014-07-21 | LLF28473 | 0.620 ppm |
| 2014-07-21 | LLF28475 | 0.140 ppm |
| 2014-07-21 | LLF28474 | 0.210 ppm |
| 2014-07-21 | LLF28476 | 0.610 ppm |
| 2014-07-21 | LLF28472 | 0.630 ppm |
| 2014-07-21 | LLF28478 | 0.600 ppm |
| 2014-07-22 | LLF28800 | 0.630 ppm |
| 2014-07-22 | LLF28799 | 0.620 ppm |
| 2014-07-22 | LLF28797 | 0.660 ppm |
| 2014-07-22 | LLF28796 | 0.660 ppm |
| 2014-07-22 | LLF28801 | 0.630 ppm |
| 2014-07-22 | LLF28798 | 0.630 ppm |
| 2014-07-22 | LLF28471 | 0.610 ppm |
| 2014-08-05 | LLF31156 | 0.660 ppm |
| 2014-08-05 | LLF31151 | 0.240 ppm |
| 2014-08-05 | LLF31150 | 0.130 ppm |
| 2014-08-05 | LLF31148 | 0.680 ppm |
| 2014-08-05 | LLF31154 | 0.620 ppm |
| 2014-08-05 | LLF31153 | 0.700 ppm |
| 2014-08-05 | LLF31152 | 0.650 ppm |
| 2014-08-05 | LLF31149 | 0.650 ppm |
| 2014-08-05 | LLF31155 | 0.660 ppm |
| 2014-08-06 | LLF31367 | 0.610 ppm |
| 2014-08-06 | LLF31370 | 0.660 ppm |
| 2014-08-06 | LLF31366 | 0.660 ppm |
| 2014-08-06 | LLF31369 | 0.620 ppm |
| 2014-08-06 | LLF31371 | 0.630 ppm |
| 2014-08-06 | LLF31368 | 0.640 ppm |
| 2014-08-06 | LLF31372 | 0.640 ppm |
| 2014-09-09 | LLF37511 | 0.580 ppm |
| 2014-09-09 | LLF37516 | 0.250 ppm |
| 2014-09-09 | LLF37510 | 0.580 ppm |
| 2014-09-09 | LLF37509 | 0.600 ppm |
| 2014-09-09 | LLF37512 | 0.600 ppm |
| 2014-09-09 | LLF37517 | 0.150 ppm |
| 2014-09-09 | LLF37514 | 0.640 ppm |
| 2014-09-09 | LLF37513 | 0.620 ppm |
| 2014-09-10 | LLF37784 | 0.600 ppm |
| 2014-09-10 | LLF37786 | 0.620 ppm |
| 2014-09-10 | LLF37789 | 0.590 ppm |
| 2014-09-10 | LLF37785 | 0.620 ppm |
| 2014-09-10 | LLF37787 | 0.680 ppm |
| 2014-09-10 | LLF37788 | 0.600 ppm |
| 2014-09-10 | LLF37790 | 0.590 ppm |
| 2014-11-15 | LLF28477 | 0.590 ppm |
| 2015-06-01 | 0.700 ppm* | |
| 2016-06-01 | 0.700 ppm* | |
| 2017-06-01 | 0.850 ppm* | |
| 2018-06-01 | 0.780 ppm* | |
| 2019-06-01 | 0.610 ppm* |
* Sample result is taken from the system's CCR report.