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The FDA recommended that plants/supplements containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids, including comfrey, be removed from the market due to live toxicity.
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moderate
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FDA. 2001. FDA Advises Dietary Supplement Manufacturers to Remove Comfrey Products From the Market. FDA Safety Alerts and Advisories.
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The FDA recommended that plants/supplements containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids, including comfrey, be removed from the market due to potential carcinogenicity.
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moderate
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FDA. 2001. FDA Advises Dietary Supplement Manufacturers to Remove Comfrey Products From the Market. FDA Safety Alerts and Advisories.
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Comfrey caused liver toxicity in a 13 year old boy.
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some
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C. F. Weston, B. T. Cooper, J. D. Davies & D. F. Levine. 1987. Veno-occlusive disease of the liver secondary to ingestion of comfrey. British medical journal (Clinical research ed.) 295(6591), 183.
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Comfrey caused liver toxicity in an adult woman.
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some
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N. Bach, S. N. Thung & F. Schaffner. 1989. Comfrey herb tea-induced hepatic veno-occlusive disease. The American journal of medicine 87(1), 97-9.
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Comfrey caused liver toxicity in an adult woman.
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some
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P. M. Ridker, S. Ohkuma, W. V. McDermott, C. Trey & R. J. Huxtable. 1985. Hepatic venocclusive disease associated with the consumption of pyrrolizidine-containing dietary supplements. Gastroenterology 88(4), 1050-4.
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Comfrey caused lethal liver toxicity in an adult man.
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some
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M. L. Yeong, B. Swinburn, M. Kennedy & G. Nicholson. 1900. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease associated with comfrey ingestion. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology 5(2), 211-4.
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Consuming comfrey roots or leaves caused liver cancer in rats.
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some
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I. Hirono, H. Mori & M. Haga. 1978. Carcinogenic activity of Symphytum officinale. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 61(3), 865-9.
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Consuming a diet of 2% comfrey root led to liver cancer in rats.
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some
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N. Mei, L. Guo, P. Fu, R. H. Heflich & T. Chen. 2005. Mutagenicity of comfrey (Symphytum Officinale) in rat liver. British journal of cancer 92(5), 873-5.
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Comfrey extract was mutagenic in human cells.
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some
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C. Behninger, G. Abel, E. Röder, V. Neuberger & W. Göggelmann. 1989. [Studies on the effect of an alkaloid extract of Symphytum officinale on human lymphocyte cultures]. Planta medica 55(6), 518-22.
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Comfrey extract is mutagenic in vitro.
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some
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M. Furmanowa, J. Guzewska & B. Bełdowska. 1983. Mutagenic effects of aqueous extracts of Symphytum officinale L. and of its alkaloidal fractions. Journal of applied toxicology : JAT 3(3), 127-30.
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