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TRIPHENYL PHOSPHATE

TRIPHENYL PHOSPHATE
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Overall TRIPHENYL PHOSPHATE is of moderate concern in food.

The overall ingredient concern is determined by using a weight of evidence evaluation of the known safety or hazards. In calculating an overall ingredient score multiple findings of low concern may lead to an overall moderate concern rating, or multiple moderate concerns may lead to a high concern rating. For more details read EWG's ingredient concern methodology.

Specific concerns for TRIPHENYL PHOSPHATE

Concern
 
 
Source
A peer-reviewed study showed TPP affected hormones and reproduction in zebrafish at low doses.
 
Xiaoshan Liu, Kyunghee Ji, Areum Jo, Hyo-Bang Moon & Kyungho Choi. 2013. Effects of TDCPP or TPP on gene transcriptions and hormones of HPG axis, and their consequences on reproduction in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 134-135, 104-11.
A peer-reviewed publication reports that triphenyl phosphate activates a receptor responsible for fat cell development.
 
Scott M. Belcher, Clifford J. Cookman, Heather B. Patisaul & Heather M. Stapleton. 2014. In vitro assessment of human nuclear hormone receptor activity and cytotoxicity of the flame retardant mixture FM 550 and its triarylphosphate and brominated components. Toxicology letters 228(2), 93-102.
Animal studies show this substance causes developmental heart defects.
 
Zhongkun Du, Guowei Wang, Shixiang Gao & Zunyao Wang. 2015. Aryl organophosphate flame retardants induced cardiotoxicity during zebrafish embryogenesis: by disturbing expression of the transcriptional regulators. Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 161, 25-32.
A peer-reviewed study found animals exposed to this substance had altered expression of hormone receptor gene expression.
 
Chunsheng Liu, Qiangwei Wang, Kang Liang, Jingfu Liu, Bingsheng Zhou, Xiaowei Zhang, Hongling Liu, John P. Giesy & Hongxia Yu. 2013. Effects of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate and triphenyl phosphate on receptor-associated mRNA expression in zebrafish embryos/larvae. Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 128-129, 147-57.
Animal studies show this substances causes hormone effects at moderate doses.
 
Gregory M. Isales, Rachel A. Hipszer, Tara D. Raftery, Albert Chen, Heather M. Stapleton & David C. Volz. 2015. Triphenyl phosphate-induced developmental toxicity in zebrafish: potential role of the retinoic acid receptor. Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 161, 221-30.
A peer-reviewed publication reports triphenyl phosphate causes neurodevelopmental toxicity in zebrafish.
 
A. N. Oliveri, J. M. Bailey & E. D. Levin. 2015. Developmental exposure to organophosphate flame retardants causes behavioral effects in larval and adult zebrafish. Neurotoxicology and teratology.
Triphenyl phosphate is associated with obesity and diabetes in animals.
 
Adrian J. Green, James L. Graham, Eduardo A. Gonzalez, Michael R. La Frano, Syrago-Styliani E. Petropoulou, June-Soo Park, John W. Newman, Kimber L. Stanhope, Peter J. Havel & Michele A. La Merrill. 2016. Perinatal triphenyl phosphate exposure accelerates type 2 diabetes onset and increases adipose accumulation in UCD-type 2 diabetes mellitus rats. Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.).
A peer-reviewed publication reports that triphenyl phosphate disrupts DNA repair in animals.
 
Du et al. 2016. TPhP exposure disturbs carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, and the DNA damage repair system in zebrafish liver. Sci Rep.(22;6:21827 doi: 10.1038/srep21827.).
NTP Toxcast scored 2.5-3.5
 
National Toxicology Program (NTP): EWG Toxcast Analysis
A peer-reviewed study shows TPP may affect sperm quality in men.
 
John D. Meeker & Heather M. Stapleton. 2010. House dust concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants in relation to hormone levels and semen quality parameters. Environmental health perspectives 118(3), 318-23.
A peer-reviewed study shows TPP may affect hormone levels in men.
 
John D. Meeker & Heather M. Stapleton. 2010. House dust concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants in relation to hormone levels and semen quality parameters. Environmental health perspectives 118(3), 318-23.
Triphenyl phosphate is associated with adverse reproductive effects in men.
 
John D. Meeker, Ellen M. Cooper, Heather M. Stapleton & Russ Hauser. 2013. Exploratory analysis of urinary metabolites of phosphorus-containing flame retardants in relation to markers of male reproductive health. Endocrine disruptors (Austin, Tex.) 1(1), e26306.
A peer-reviewed publication reports that triphenyl phosphate disrupts liver metabolism in animals.
 
Du et al. 2016. TPhP exposure disturbs carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, and the DNA damage repair system in zebrafish liver. Sci Rep.(22;6:21827 doi: 10.1038/srep21827.).
 

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