
Executive Summary
Is Water From Vending Machines Really “Chemical-Free”?
Glacier Water Services, the largest owner-operator of drinking water vending machines in California and the U.S., claims its machines sell “safe, chemical-free water.” But statewide testing found that a third of Glacier machines sold water that failed to meet state standards for a class of chemicals linked to increased risk of cancer and birth defects.
For paying 100 times the price of tap water, vended water consumers are supposed to get drinking water that is essentially free of trihalomethanes (THMs), the chemical byproducts of treating water with chlorine. Glacier claims to reduce contaminants in tap water by approximately 97 percent, but two-thirds of the machines tested failed to remove that level of THMs.
The state has known about Glacier’s failure to meet THM standards for years but has taken no meaningful action. Glacier has promised to improve its machines’ performance, but these tests show it has not. To ensure that consumers get what they pay for, California must establish an industry-financed program of mandatory unannounced inspections of all water machines, with rigorously enforced penalties for failure to meet health standards.
Alameda County
Location |
THMs Found in Test (ppb) |
THMs in Source Water* (ppb) |
Percent of THMs Removed by Machine |
Longs Drug |
35.7 ** |
41 |
12.9% |
Dollar Tree |
35.4 ** |
41 |
13.7% |
Safeway |
31.1 ** |
41 |
24.1% |
Safeway |
28.4 ** |
41 |
30.7% |
Longs Drug |
24.8 ** |
41 |
39.5% |
Super K Mart |
24.6 ** |
41 |
40.0% |
Pak'n Save Foods |
23.1 ** |
41 |
43.7% |
Pak'n Save Foods |
22.2 ** |
41 |
45.9% |
Albertsons |
19.6 ** |
41 |
52.2% |
Pak'n Save Foods |
19.0 ** |
41 |
53.7% |
Albertsons |
17.6 ** |
41 |
57.1% |
Pacifico Foods |
17.0 ** |
41 |
58.5% |
Albertsons |
15.9 ** |
41 |
61.2% |
Pak'n Save Foods |
15.7 ** |
41 |
61.7% |
Super K Mart |
15.4 ** |
41 |
62.4% |
Store |
15.4 ** |
41 |
62.4% |
Albertsons |
14.9 ** |
41 |
63.7% |
Sun Hop Fat Supermarket |
14.9 ** |
41 |
63.7% |
A & V Liquor & Grocery |
14.0 ** |
41 |
65.9% |
Wonder Hostess Thrift Shop |
13.6 ** |
41 |
66.8% |
Longs Drug |
11.9 ** |
41 |
71.0% |
Viking Liquors |
11.6 ** |
41 |
71.7% |
Albertsons |
11.4 ** |
41 |
72.2% |
Wonder Hostess Thrift Shop |
10.3 ** |
41 |
74.9% |
Pak N Save |
10.1 ** |
35 |
71.1% |
International Market |
9.7 |
38 |
74.5% |
Safeway |
9.3 |
41 |
77.3% |
Safeway |
9.1 |
41 |
77.8% |
Longs Drug |
9.0 |
38 |
76.3% |
Longs Drug |
8.0 |
41 |
80.5% |
Safeway |
7.2 |
41 |
82.4% |
Food Net Supermarket |
6.9 |
41 |
83.2% |
Longs Drug |
5.3 |
41 |
87.1% |
Longs Drug |
4.8 |
41 |
88.3% |
Wal-Mart |
4.6 |
39 |
88.2% |
Fruitvale Market |
4.2 |
41 |
89.8% |
Pak 'n Save Foods |
3.0 |
41 |
92.7% |
Albertsons |
2.6 |
38 |
93.2% |
Albertsons |
2.5 |
41 |
93.9% |
Albertsons |
1.9 |
38 |
95.0% |
Albertsons |
1.7 |
32 |
94.8% |
Chavez Meat Market |
1.3 |
38 |
96.6% |
Whitehorse Liquors |
0.8 |
41 |
98.0% |
Wonder Bread & Hostess Cakes |
0.6 |
35 |
98.3% |
Whitehorse Liquors |
0.0 |
41 |
100.0% |
Rite Aid |
0.0 |
32 |
100.0% |
Ranch 99 Market |
0.0 |
38 |
100.0% |
* Three-month average from most recent Consumer Confidence Report of water supplier
** THM level exceeding the state standard of 10 ppb for vended water.
Source: Environmental Working Group.
Contra Costa County
Location |
THMs Found in Test (ppb) |
THMs in Source Water* (ppb) |
Percent of THMs Removed by Machine |
Albertsons |
33.9 ** |
41 |
17.3% |
Rite Aid |
29.5 ** |
41 |
28.0% |
Albertsons |
28.6 ** |
41 |
30.2% |
Waterstop |
26.7 ** |
49 |
45.5% |
Bottoms Up Liquor & Market |
26.3 ** |
49 |
46.3% |
Albertsons |
26.0 ** |
41 |
36.6% |
Rite Aid |
23.5 ** |
49 |
52.0% |
Food Mart |
22.9 ** |
41 |
44.1% |
Safeway |
21.8 ** |
41 |
46.8% |
Safeway |
20.6 ** |
41 |
49.8% |
Albertsons |
20.4 ** |
49 |
58.4% |
Save Mart |
19.9 ** |
49 |
59.4% |
Albertsons |
16.5 ** |
49 |
66.3% |
Longs Drug |
12.5 ** |
41 |
69.5% |
Albertsons |
7.2 |
41 |
82.4% |
Albertsons |
5.3 |
41 |
87.1% |
Safeway |
5.2 |
41 |
87.3% |
Safeway |
4.9 |
6 |
21.0% |
Longs Drug |
3.7 |
41 |
91.0% |
Albertsons |
3.4 |
41 |
91.8% |
Safeway |
3.3 |
41 |
92.0% |
Albertsons |
3.3 |
41 |
92.0% |
99 Ranch Market |
2.9 |
41 |
92.9% |
Safeway |
2.3 |
41 |
94.4% |
Albertsons |
1.9 |
41 |
95.4% |
Super 8 Liquor & Food |
1.5 |
41 |
96.3% |
Longs Drug |
1.5 |
18 |
91.7% |
Longs Drug |
1.4 |
18 |
92.2% |
Safeway |
0.8 |
41 |
98.0% |
Longs Drug |
0.8 |
41 |
98.0% |
Rite Aid |
0.6 |
49 |
98.8% |
Safeway |
0.1 |
41 |
99.8% |
Longs Drug |
0.0 |
41 |
100.0% |
Safeway |
0.0 |
41 |
100.0% |
Safeway |
0.0 |
41 |
100.0% |
Safeway |
0.0 |
6 |
100.0% |
Safeway |
0.0 |
41 |
100.0% |
Delta Sportsman, Inc. |
0.0 |
0 |
- |
Albertsons |
0.0 |
0 |
- |
Albertsons |
0.0 |
0 |
- |
* Three-month average from most recent Consumer Confidence Report of water supplier
** THM level exceeding the state standard of 10 ppb for vended water.
Source: Environmental Working Group.
Los Angeles County
Location |
THMs Found in Test (ppb) |
THMs in Source Water* (ppb) |
Percent of THMs Removed by Machine |
Ralphs |
69.7 ** |
67 |
0.0% |
Albertsons |
60.0 ** |
59 |
0.0% |
Lloyds Liquor Market |
50.7 ** |
59 |
14.1% |
Olympus Market |
41.7 ** |
59 |
29.3% |
Occidental Liquor |
41.5 ** |
67 |
37.6% |
Food 4 Less |
30.8 ** |
67 |
53.7% |
Rite Aid |
30.6 ** |
67 |
54.0% |
Aqua-Vend |
30.0 ** |
67 |
54.9% |
Fines Market |
29.0 ** |
67 |
56.4% |
Food 4 Less |
28.6 ** |
80 |
64.3% |
Farmers Ranch Market |
26.3 ** |
59 |
55.4% |
Ralphs |
20.4 ** |
67 |
69.3% |
Hoover Coin Laundry |
19.4 ** |
67 |
70.8% |
Pavilion |
18.3 ** |
67 |
72.5% |
Liborio Markets |
17.8 ** |
67 |
73.2% |
Rite Aid |
16.9 ** |
42 |
59.8% |
Big Bear Markets |
16.3 ** |
67 |
75.5% |
Vons |
15.5 ** |
67 |
76.7% |
Los Angeles Ranch Markets |
15.1 ** |
67 |
77.3% |
K's Market |
14.4 ** |
80 |
82.0% |
Superior Super Warehouse |
13.0 ** |
67 |
80.5% |
WF Construction |
12.9 ** |
67 |
80.6% |
California Market |
12.7 ** |
67 |
80.9% |
Jax Market |
12.3 ** |
55 |
77.6% |
Longs Drug |
11.1 ** |
59 |
81.2% |
Sav On Drugs |
10.7 ** |
55 |
80.5% |
Super Bargain |
9.8 |
67 |
85.3% |
Ralphs |
9.7 |
38 |
74.5% |
Vons |
9.2 |
67 |
86.2% |
La Mexicana Market |
9.0 |
67 |
86.5% |
Florence Farm Market |
8.9 |
44 |
79.8% |
Ralphs |
8.6 |
67 |
87.1% |
Ralphs |
8.6 |
69 |
87.5% |
Super A Foods |
8.5 |
67 |
87.2% |
Narbonne Market |
8.1 |
64 |
87.3% |
The Movie Store |
7.6 |
53 |
85.7% |
Longs Drug |
7.1 |
12 |
39.8% |
Sunshine Coin And Laundry |
7.0 |
55 |
87.3% |
Vons |
6.9 |
67 |
89.6% |
Stater Brothers |
6.8 |
44 |
84.5% |
Vanegas Market |
6.8 |
67 |
89.8% |
Albertsons |
6.8 |
67 |
89.8% |
Vons |
6.7 |
59 |
88.6% |
Jay Market |
5.8 |
67 |
91.3% |
Sav On Drugs |
5.6 |
69 |
91.9% |
Sav On Drugs |
4.9 |
69 |
92.9% |
Jons Market |
4.8 |
67 |
92.8% |
Vons |
4.3 |
42 |
89.8% |
Coin Wash-South Gate |
3.8 |
2 |
100.0% |
Gas Station |
3.4 |
53 |
93.6% |
Super Mercado Bestway |
3.2 |
67 |
95.2% |
Sunland Wholesale Market |
2.9 |
67 |
95.6% |
Central Super Market |
2.8 |
67 |
95.8% |
Grocery Store Parking Lot |
2.7 |
67 |
95.9% |
El Santauro, Choe's Discount Market |
2.4 |
67 |
96.4% |
Rite Aid |
2.2 |
59 |
96.3% |
Sav On Drugs |
2.2 |
64 |
96.6% |
Food 4 Less |
2.1 |
52 |
96.0% |
D & S Market |
1.8 |
67 |
97.3% |
Rockview Dairy |
1.4 |
50 |
97.2% |
Guadalajara Market |
1.4 |
43 |
96.7% |
Valley Foods Whse |
1.3 |
59 |
97.8% |
Albertsons |
1.2 |
53 |
97.7% |
Ralphs |
1.1 |
55 |
98.0% |
Carniceria Chapala |
1.1 |
59 |
98.1% |
Lucy's |
1.0 |
67 |
98.5% |
Numero Uno |
0.9 |
67 |
98.6% |
Albertsons |
0.8 |
55 |
98.5% |
H.K. Glendale Center |
0.7 |
55 |
98.7% |
Top Valu Market |
0.6 |
42 |
98.6% |
Archie's Market |
0.5 |
59 |
99.2% |
Jons Market |
0.5 |
55 |
99.1% |
Stater Brothers |
0.0 |
55 |
100.0% |
Ralphs |
0.0 |
59 |
100.0% |
Food 4 Less |
0.0 |
38 |
100.0% |
Sav On Drugs |
0.0 |
55 |
100.0% |
Superior Warehouse And Grocers |
0.0 |
4 |
100.0% |
Carniceria Garcia |
0.0 |
2 |
100.0% |
Corona Rancho Market |
0.0 |
2 |
100.0% |
Ralphs |
0.0 |
64 |
100.0% |
Vons |
0.0 |
64 |
100.0% |
Azusa Ranch Market |
0.0 |
36 |
100.0% |
Albertsons |
0.0 |
27 |
100.0% |
Town House Liquor |
0.0 |
52 |
100.0% |
Vons |
0.0 |
42 |
100.0% |
Dale's |
0.0 |
59 |
100.0% |
Waterstop |
0.0 |
52 |
100.0% |
S & J |
0.0 |
67 |
100.0% |
Carlton's Market |
0.0 |
1 |
100.0% |
Numero Uno |
0.0 |
1 |
100.0% |
Grocery Store Parking Lot |
0.0 |
55 |
100.0% |
Vons |
0.0 |
55 |
100.0% |
Sav On Drugs |
0.0 |
65 |
100.0% |
Ibc-Milbrook |
0.0 |
42 |
100.0% |
Sav On Drugs |
0.0 |
44 |
100.0% |
Food 4 Less |
0.0 |
53 |
100.0% |
Store |
0.0 |
53 |
100.0% |
La Estrella |
0.0 |
67 |
100.0% |
La Estrella |
0.0 |
67 |
100.0% |
Mexicali Market |
0.0 |
67 |
100.0% |
Grocery Store Parking Lot |
0.0 |
67 |
100.0% |
G & L Dairy |
0.0 |
33 |
100.0% |
* Three-month average from most recent Consumer Confidence Report of water supplier
** THM level exceeding the state standard of 10 ppb for vended water.
Source: Environmental Working Group.
Orange County
Location |
THMs Found in Test (ppb) |
THMs in Source Water* (ppb) |
Percent of THMs Removed by Machine |
Rite Aid |
12.1 ** |
34 |
64.4% |
Super A Foods |
8.8 |
34 |
74.1% |
Ralphs |
6.9 |
63 |
89.0% |
Weber-Milbrook |
2.7 |
34 |
92.1% |
Food 4 Less |
2.5 |
34 |
92.6% |
Amar Ranch Market |
1.7 |
34 |
95.0% |
R Ranch Market |
1.4 |
34 |
95.9% |
Vons |
0.0 |
13 |
100.0% |
California Market |
0.0 |
13 |
100.0% |
El Mercadito Reynoso |
0.0 |
23 |
100.0% |
Albertsons |
0.0 |
23 |
100.0% |
Jax Market |
0.0 |
17 |
100.0% |
Food 4 Less |
0.0 |
17 |
100.0% |
Albertsons |
0.0 |
63 |
100.0% |
* Three-month average from most recent Consumer Confidence Report of water supplier
** THM level exceeding the state standard of 10 ppb for vended water.
Source: Environmental Working Group.
Riverside County
Location |
THMs Found in Test (ppb) |
THMs in Source Water* (ppb) |
Percent of THMs Removed by Machine |
Meadow Brook Market |
27.5 ** |
28 |
0.0% |
Stater Brothers |
18.9 ** |
28 |
31.3% |
Food 4 Less |
10.2 ** |
11 |
8.1% |
Maxi Foods |
7.0 |
11 |
36.9% |
S Kays Liquor |
6.8 |
28 |
75.3% |
Henry Boney's Marketplace |
6.2 |
2 |
0.0% |
Albertsons |
3.0 |
33 |
90.8% |
Carniceria Rancho Grande |
2.2 |
0 |
0.0% |
Rite Aid |
2.1 |
9 |
77.8% |
Lake Mart Market |
1.9 |
49 |
96.1% |
Maxi Foods |
0.0 |
11 |
100.0% |
Grocery Store Parking Lot |
0.0 |
0 |
- |
Super Saver |
0.0 |
0 |
- |
* Three-month average from most recent Consumer Confidence Report of water supplier
** THM level exceeding the state standard of 10 ppb for vended water.
Source: Environmental Working Group.
Sacramento County
Location |
THMs Found in Test (ppb) |
THMs in Source Water* (ppb) |
Percent of THMs Removed by Machine |
Albertsons |
15.1 ** |
35 |
56.2% |
Welco Supermarket |
10.7 ** |
35 |
69.0% |
Waterstop |
10.6 ** |
35 |
69.3% |
Waterstop |
8.4 |
35 |
75.6% |
Food Depot |
4.9 |
35 |
85.8% |
Food Depot |
3.9 |
35 |
88.7% |
Big G Foods |
2.3 |
35 |
93.4% |
Rite Aid |
2.2 |
5 |
57.6% |
Big G Foods |
1.9 |
35 |
94.5% |
Ralphs |
1.5 |
5 |
69.8% |
Wonder Bread & Hostess Cakes |
1.1 |
35 |
96.8% |
Albertsons |
0.9 |
35 |
97.5% |
Albertsons |
0.0 |
13 |
100.0% |
Rite Aid |
0.0 |
35 |
100.0% |
Rite Aid |
0.0 |
35 |
100.0% |
* Three-month average from most recent Consumer Confidence Report of water supplier
** THM level exceeding the state standard of 10 ppb for vended water.
Source: Environmental Working Group.
San Diego County
Location |
THMs Found in Test (ppb) |
THMs in Source Water* (ppb) |
Percent of THMs Removed by Machine |
Max Foods |
25.8 ** |
59 |
56.1% |
Butcher Block Meats |
22.7 ** |
59 |
61.2% |
Albertsons |
20.0 ** |
59 |
65.8% |
Vons |
19.5 ** |
70 |
72.3% |
Henry's Marketplace |
16.1 ** |
58 |
72.1% |
Albertsons |
14.9 ** |
58 |
74.2% |
Vons |
11.9 ** |
13 |
11.4% |
National City Market |
11.1 ** |
27 |
58.9% |
Vons |
8.5 |
13 |
36.7% |
Food 4 Less |
1.1 |
59 |
98.1% |
Rite Aid |
0.0 |
13 |
100.0% |
Sav-On Drugs |
0.0 |
59 |
100.0% |
* Three-month average from most recent Consumer Confidence Report of water supplier
** THM level exceeding the state standard of 10 ppb for vended water.
Source: Environmental Working Group.
San Francisco County
Location |
THMs Found in Test (ppb) |
THMs in Source Water* (ppb) |
Percent of THMs Removed by Machine |
Foods Co |
57.8 ** |
82 |
29.5% |
Safeway |
57.2 ** |
82 |
30.2% |
Cala Foods |
52.1 ** |
82 |
36.5% |
Foods Co |
50.6 ** |
82 |
38.3% |
Cala Foods |
49.8 ** |
82 |
39.3% |
Cala Foods |
44.9 ** |
82 |
45.2% |
Cala Foods |
44.1 ** |
82 |
46.2% |
Bell Market |
43.8 ** |
82 |
46.6% |
Safeway |
43.5 ** |
82 |
47.0% |
Safeway |
36.6 ** |
82 |
55.4% |
Bell Market |
34.8 ** |
82 |
57.6% |
Safeway |
33.6 ** |
82 |
59.0% |
Cala Foods |
25.9 ** |
82 |
68.4% |
Safeway |
23.3 ** |
82 |
71.6% |
Safeway |
0.0 |
82 |
100.0% |
* Three-month average from most recent Consumer Confidence Report of water supplier
** THM level exceeding the state standard of 10 ppb for vended water.
Source: Environmental Working Group.
Santa Clara County
Location |
THMs Found in Test (ppb) |
THMs in Source Water* (ppb) |
Percent of THMs Removed by Machine |
P & W Markets |
9.2 |
46 |
80.1% |
Super K Mart |
7.4 |
46 |
84.0% |
Smart Liquor |
5.7 |
46 |
87.7% |
Longs Drug |
2.4 |
46 |
94.8% |
Northside Market |
2.1 |
46 |
95.5% |
Rotten Robbies |
2.0 |
46 |
95.7% |
P & W Markets |
1.6 |
46 |
96.5% |
Mi Pueblo Markets |
1.6 |
46 |
96.5% |
Chapparel Super |
0.6 |
46 |
98.7% |
Albertsons |
0.0 |
1 |
100.0% |
Morgan Hill Foods |
0.0 |
1 |
100.0% |
Albertsons |
0.0 |
46 |
100.0% |
Goldston's Market |
0.0 |
46 |
100.0% |
San Jose Meat Market |
0.0 |
46 |
100.0% |
Super Mercado Mexico |
0.0 |
46 |
100.0% |
* Three-month average from most recent Consumer Confidence Report of water supplier
** THM level exceeding the state standard of 10 ppb for vended water.
Source: Environmental Working Group.